A 20-year systematic review of wave dissipation by soft and hybrid nature-based solutions (NbS)

A systematic review of 20 years of studies was conducted to understand wave dissipation trends of hybrid and natural (soft) coastal features, collectively referred to as nature-based solutions (NbS). Of 13,451 studies identified and 470 studies reviewed; only 50 studies consistently reported the basic parameters required to compare wave height dissipation. These studies were used to create a basic understanding of wave dissipation across soft and hybrid features along different cross-shore widths. More specific implementation guidance for NbS is limited due to the lack of consistent monitoring practices and protocol within and between soft and hybrid features. This disparity is greatest between soft and hybrid NbS. To fully understand best practices for the wide variety of soft and hybrid NbS, more uniform monitoring data is needed to assess and more fully define wave dissipation performance. Based on the findings of this review, eight parameters to measure the wave dissipation effectiveness of NbS features are proposed. These findings will inform the development and application of evaluation protocols for future NbS projects.