Carbon-Oriented Planning of Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Assets in Power Distribution Network With Hydrogen-Based Microgrids

The pressure of climate change has been driving the transition of power distribution networks (PDNs) to low-carbon energy systems. Hydrogen-based microgrids (HMGs), as emerging urban energy subsystems in PDNs with significant carbon emissions reduction potentials, are valuable assets in smoothing the economic transition to low-carbon energy systems. However, it remains a challenging issue to make the HMGs perceive their carbon emissions in the planning and operation process, so that they can effectively change energy consumption patterns to reduce carbon emissions. To achieve the overall carbon emission reduction target, a carbon-oriented planning method for PDN and HMGs is proposed. Firstly, an integrated planning model of distributed generation and energy storage assets is formulated with embedded carbon emission constraints. Secondly, a chronological carbon emission flow model for electrical storage systems is introduced to accurately capture its impact on the chronological carbon emission flow distribution, which is incorporated into the planning problem to quantify carbon emissions of different HMGs. Finally, the proposed planning problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonconvex quadratically constrained programming (MINCQCP) problem, and solved by the tailored penalty-based proximal distance algorithm to derive the local optimum. Numerical results indicate that integrated planning of PDN and HMGs could avoid overinvestment and meet the given carbon emission target in a cost-effective way.