Enabling Autonomous eVTOL Communications: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) systems are revolutionizing urban transportation by addressing congestion challenges within the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) framework. Autonomous eVTOL (A-eVTOL) systems, which operate without onboard pilots, are particularly reliant on robust communication links for ground control to ensure safe and efficient operations. Despite their potential for both passenger and cargo transport, there is a lack of comprehensive research focused on their communication requirements. This survey explores the current state of Command and Control (C2) communication data links for A-eVTOL systems, emphasizing the need for Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency (URLL) communication. We review the necessary technologies and regulatory requirements, including those from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The paper investigates the communication challenges across different flight phases - takeoff, cruising, and landing - under both Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios. We also explore the feasibility of using advanced 6 G wireless networks and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites to establish a reliable multi-connectivity network that meets URLL standards. Additionally, we analyze the required ground infrastructure to support these communication demands and ensure flight safety. This survey focuses on the technological advancements and regulatory measures essential for enabling safe and efficient A-eVTOL operations, with an assessment of the capability of integrating into future urban air mobility solutions.