TY - JOUR
T1 - Fusion of IoT, AI, Edge-Fog-Cloud, and Blockchain
T2 - Challenges, Solutions, and a Case Study in Healthcare and Medicine
AU - Firouzi, Farshad
AU - Jiang, Shiyi
AU - Chakrabarty, Krishnendu
AU - Farahani, Bahar
AU - Daneshmand, Mahmoud
AU - Song, Jaeseung
AU - Mankodiya, Kunal
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 IEEE.
PY - 2023/3/1
Y1 - 2023/3/1
N2 - The digital transformation is characterized by the convergence of technologies - from the Internet of Things (IoT) to edge-fog-cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and Blockchain - in multiple dimensions, blurring the lines between the physical and digital worlds. Although these innovations have evolved independently over time, they are increasingly becoming more intertwined, driving the development of new business models. With more adaptation, embracement, and development, we are witnessing a steady convergence and fusion of these technologies resulting in an unprecedented paradigm shift that is expected to disrupt and reshape the next-generation systems in vertical domains in a way that the capabilities of the technologies are aligned in the best possible way to complement each other. Despite the fact that the convergence of the four technologies can potentially tackle the main shortcomings of the existing systems, its adoption is still in its infancy phase, suffering from several issues, such as the absence of consensus toward any reference models or best practices. This article provides a comprehensive insight into the fusions of these paradigms by discussing a blend of topics addressing all the importation aspects from design to deployment. We will begin this article by providing an in-depth discussion on the main requirements, state-of-the-art reference architectures, applications, and challenges. Following this, we will present a reference architecture and a case study on privacy-preserving stress monitoring and management to better elaborate on the corresponding details and considerations.
AB - The digital transformation is characterized by the convergence of technologies - from the Internet of Things (IoT) to edge-fog-cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), and Blockchain - in multiple dimensions, blurring the lines between the physical and digital worlds. Although these innovations have evolved independently over time, they are increasingly becoming more intertwined, driving the development of new business models. With more adaptation, embracement, and development, we are witnessing a steady convergence and fusion of these technologies resulting in an unprecedented paradigm shift that is expected to disrupt and reshape the next-generation systems in vertical domains in a way that the capabilities of the technologies are aligned in the best possible way to complement each other. Despite the fact that the convergence of the four technologies can potentially tackle the main shortcomings of the existing systems, its adoption is still in its infancy phase, suffering from several issues, such as the absence of consensus toward any reference models or best practices. This article provides a comprehensive insight into the fusions of these paradigms by discussing a blend of topics addressing all the importation aspects from design to deployment. We will begin this article by providing an in-depth discussion on the main requirements, state-of-the-art reference architectures, applications, and challenges. Following this, we will present a reference architecture and a case study on privacy-preserving stress monitoring and management to better elaborate on the corresponding details and considerations.
KW - Artificial intelligence (AI)
KW - Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
KW - Internet of Things (IoT)
KW - big data
KW - blockchain
KW - cloud computing
KW - eHealth
KW - edge computing (EC)
KW - federated learning (FL)
KW - fog computing (FC)
KW - healthcare
KW - medicine
KW - privacy preserving
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85135234718&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85135234718&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3191881
DO - 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3191881
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85135234718
VL - 10
SP - 3686
EP - 3705
JO - IEEE Internet of Things Journal
JF - IEEE Internet of Things Journal
IS - 5
ER -