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In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

  • Charles A. Dorison
  • , Jennifer S. Lerner
  • , Blake H. Heller
  • , Alexander J. Rothman
  • , Ichiro I. Kawachi
  • , Ke Wang
  • , Vaughan W. Rees
  • , Brian P. Gill
  • , Nancy Gibbs
  • , Charles R. Ebersole
  • , Zahir Vally
  • , Zuzanna Tajchman
  • , Andras N. Zsido
  • , Mija Zrimsek
  • , Zhang Chen
  • , Ignazio Ziano
  • , Zoi Gialitaki
  • , Chris D. Ceary
  • , Yijun Lin
  • , Yoshihiko Kunisato
  • Yuki Yamada, Qinyu Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Xinkai Du, Elvin Yao, John Paul Wilson, Wilson Cyrus-Lai, William Jimenez-Leal, Wilbert Law, W. Matthew Collins, Karley L. Richard, Marek Vranka, Vladislav Ankushev, Vidar Schei, Valerija Križanić, Veselina Hristova Kadreva, Vera Cubela Adoric, Ulrich S. Tran, Siu Kit Yeung, Widad Hassan, Ralph Houston, Tiago J.S. Lima, Thomas Ostermann, Thomas Frizzo, Therese E. Sverdrup, Thea House, Tripat Gill, Maksim Fedotov, Tamar Paltrow, Teodor Jernsäther, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Thomas J. Hostler, Tatsunori Ishii, Barnabas Szaszi, Sylwia Adamus, Lilian Suter, Sumaiya Habib, Anna Studzinska, Dragana Stojanovska, Steve M.J. Janssen, Stefan Stieger, Stefan E. Schulenberg, Srinivasan Tatachari, Soufian Azouaghe, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Xin Song, Savannah C. Lewis, Sladjana Sinkolova, Dmitry Grigoryev, Shira Meir Drexler, Shimrit Daches, Shawn N. 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Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

33 Scopus citations

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)577-602
Number of pages26
JournalAffective Science
Volume3
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2022

Keywords

  • Anxiety
  • COVID-19
  • Message framing
  • Nudges

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