Insights into the biodegradation and bioremediation of microplastics: mechanisms and analytical methods

Microplastics (MPs) degrade through various abiotic processes (thermal, mechanical, hydrolytic, and photo-oxidative) and biotic processes involving microorganisms. This study investigates specific bacteria, fungi, and algae that contribute to MP biodegradation, focusing on species like Bacillus, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas, which produce enzymes such as PETase, laccases, and peroxidases to break down high- and low-density polyethylene. However, the biodegradation process varies based on environmental factors and the durability of plastics. There is an urgent need to use advanced methods to understand degradation and its byproducts. Microbial degradation holds promise for addressing MPs, but further research is needed to enhance efficiency and develop sustainable solutions.