Liquefaction of dense sand under earthquake loading

Densification is considered to be an effective countermeasure against liquefaction in geotechnical engineering practice. However, for uniform fine sand, densification alone may not be enough to prevent liquefaction when earthquake shaking is strong. In this study, a comprehensive testing program was conducted on the liquefaction potential of a fine beach sand. Tests conducted included cyclic triaxial tests on dry samples, resonant column tests, cyclic triaxial tests on saturated samples, and centrifuge tests. It was found that even at a relative density as high as 90%, liquefaction was observed when the ground shaking was strong. Therefore, other engineering counter measures are recommended to remediate the site in the field.