On the use and abuse of Hill’s viewpoints on causality

Here, then, are nine different viewpoints from all of which we should study association before we cry causation. What I do not believe | and this has been suggested | is that we can usefully lay down some hard-and-fast rules of evidence that must be obeyed before we accept cause and effect. None of my nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against the cause-and-effect hypothesis and none can be required as a sine qua non.