TY - JOUR
T1 - The assessment of the energetic compound 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,12-Hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) degradability in soil
AU - Strigul, Nikolay
AU - Braida, Washington
AU - Christodoulatos, Christos
AU - Balas, Wendy
AU - Nicolich, Steven
PY - 2006/1
Y1 - 2006/1
N2 - CL-20 is a relatively new energetic compound with applications in explosive and propellant formulations. Currently, information about the fate of CL-20 in ecological systems is scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biodegradability of CL-20 in soil environments. Four soils were used where initial CL-20 concentrations (above water solubility) ranged from 125 to 1500 mg of CL-20 per kg dry soil (corresponding to the concentrations derived from unexploded ordnance, low order detonation, or manufacturing spills). CL-20 appears to be biodegradable in soil under anaerobic conditions, and additions of organic substrates can substantially accelerate this process. However, CL-20 is not degraded in soil under aerobic conditions kept in the dark at temperatures up to 30°C without organic amendments. Additions of starch or cellulose promote the biodegradation of CL-20 under aerobic conditions. Soil microbial community mediated biodegradation and plant uptake appears to enhance CL-20 biodegradation, the latter suggesting a possible route for CL-20 to entry in the food chain.
AB - CL-20 is a relatively new energetic compound with applications in explosive and propellant formulations. Currently, information about the fate of CL-20 in ecological systems is scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the biodegradability of CL-20 in soil environments. Four soils were used where initial CL-20 concentrations (above water solubility) ranged from 125 to 1500 mg of CL-20 per kg dry soil (corresponding to the concentrations derived from unexploded ordnance, low order detonation, or manufacturing spills). CL-20 appears to be biodegradable in soil under anaerobic conditions, and additions of organic substrates can substantially accelerate this process. However, CL-20 is not degraded in soil under aerobic conditions kept in the dark at temperatures up to 30°C without organic amendments. Additions of starch or cellulose promote the biodegradation of CL-20 under aerobic conditions. Soil microbial community mediated biodegradation and plant uptake appears to enhance CL-20 biodegradation, the latter suggesting a possible route for CL-20 to entry in the food chain.
KW - Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation
KW - CL-20
KW - Plant uptake
KW - Soil
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.002
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 16024150
AN - SCOPUS:28844460568
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 139
SP - 353
EP - 361
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
IS - 2
ER -