Thermal management of Li-ion batteries using phase change materials: Recent advances and future challenges

With the rising adoption of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage, effective thermal management has become imperative for safe and optimal performance. Phase change materials (PCMs) have recently emerged as a promising passive cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries, offering high latent heat capacity, constant operating temperatures during phase change, and a lightweight compact structure. However, issues like low thermal conductivity restrict heat transfer and necessitate enhancement. In this review, recent advancements in PCM cooling systems for lithium-ion batteries are critically examined. First, PCM fundamentals and characteristics relevant to battery thermal management are introduced. Different thermal conductivity enhancement mechanisms for PCMs are then discussed. Hybrid cooling systems combining PCMs with air or liquid cooling are explored as a potential approach to leverage synergistic effects. Numerical and experimental techniques for PCM thermal management systems are reviewed, with a focus on simulations, parametric studies, machine learning techniques, and the integration of artificial intelligence for enhanced performance. These advanced computational approaches offer promising solutions for real-time thermal management and predictive control of battery systems. Additionally, the potential for additive manufacturing to produce tailored PCM systems is highlighted. Throughout the review, current research limitations are analysed, and potential innovations are proposed. It is concluded that while PCM cooling offers unique advantages, further work is needed to address concerns regarding thermal conductivity, cycling stability, and system integration. Continued research and cross-disciplinary collaborations among material scientists, battery engineers, and manufacturing experts are crucial to translate PCM innovations into practical battery thermal management solutions.