Ultrawideband, Stable Normal and Cancer Skin Tissue Phantoms for Millimeter-Wave Skin Cancer Imaging

Amir Mirbeik-Sabzevari, Negar Tavassolian

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

50 Scopus citations

Abstract

This work introduces new, stable, and broadband skin-equivalent semisolid phantoms for mimicking interactions of millimeter waves with the human skin and skin tumors. Realistic skin phantoms serve as an invaluable tool for exploring the feasibility of new technologies and improving design concepts related to millimeter-wave skin cancer detection methods. Normal and malignant skin tissues are separately mimicked by using appropriate mixtures of deionized water, oil, gelatin powder, formaldehyde, TX-150 (a gelling agent, widely referred to as 'super stuff'), and detergent. The dielectric properties of the phantoms are characterized over the frequency band of 0.5-50 GHz using a slim-form open-ended coaxial probe in conjunction with a millimeter-wave vector network analyzer. The measured permittivity results show excellent match with ex vivo, fresh skin (both normal and malignant) permittivities determined in our prior work over the entire frequency range. This work results in the closest match among all phantoms reported in the literature to surrogate human skin tissues. The stability of dielectric properties over time is also investigated. The phantoms demonstrate long-term stability (up to 7 months was investigated). In addition, the penetration depth of millimeter waves into normal and malignant skin phantoms is calculated. It is determined that millimeter waves penetrate the human skin deep enough (0.6 mm on average at 50 GHz) to affect the majority of the epidermis and dermis skin structures.

Original languageEnglish
Article number8344452
Pages (from-to)176-186
Number of pages11
JournalIEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
Volume66
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 2019

Keywords

  • Biomedical imaging
  • dielectric materials
  • dielectric measurement
  • experimental phantoms
  • millimeter-waves
  • skin cancer

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